How Is The Stock Market Similar To A Random Walk

What does it mean for stock market prices to be like a random walk? What is a random walk? Financial economists have come up with an interesting scenario to introduce the random walk to laymen. Imagine if you will, they say, a drunk who has been left at a lamp post. The drunk wants to get home, but every step he takes is in a random direction. What emerges is a very erratic trail, where the position of the drunk over time starts drifting away from lamp post but occasionally coming back to where he started.

The price of a security such as a high yield mutual fund or even a money market deposit account moves up and down over time as evidenced by a time-series graph. Even tracking it minute-by-minute (should one be able to access such data) the up and down motion is evident although at smaller scales than over days or weeks. Based on this observation, it has been proposed by financial economists and statisticians that this fluctuating movement that goes up and down is akin to a random walk. Whereas the drunkard walked in two dimensions, the price of a stock executes a one dimensional random walk.

Being able to map the behavior of a stock price to a mathematical theory means that the stock price should have certain statistical properties. For example, the price of a stock, bond, or mutual fund (and its yield we suppose) should move around a mean value. Moreover, the deviation away from this mean on a daily basis should never be too positive or too negative, but instead fits into a normal distribution. Interestingly many securities show these statistical behaviors which gives credence to the theory.

The random walk idea underlies an important equation in mathematical finance known as the Black-Scholes equation. It was even the basis for the Nobel Prize in economics for two researchers Scholes and Merton. Those who are interested may find the mathematics a bit daunting as it ventures into stochastic calculus and partial differential equations.

Despite the success of the random walk theory, it turns out that there are some observations that do not match the idea of the random walk. For example, many companies have increasing or decreasing stock prices over the long time period as they become successful or fail at their business. Companies also experience the negative effects of broad decline during recessionary times. Clearly the random walk theory is not applicable for these times.

The normal person who is more worried about a 401K or IRA account that contains high yield mutual funds, GNMA investments and bonds may find the discussion very theoretical. Indeed, it is likely that these mathematical concepts are only useful for a day-trader who must contend with making profits from swings in stock prices on the short term.

Readers wanting to know more can head over to learn about facts about high return mutual funds and investments. Come to our site on money market accounts to find out the most up-to-date information.

Evaluating Interest Rates Of Various Types Of Financial Accounts

All year round the Federal Reserve makes adjustments to its lending rates to commercial banks, which in turn has an impact on the rates a commercial bank offers its customers. When the economy does poorly, for example during the bubble bursting of the dot com era and the 2007 real estate debacle, the Federal Reserve lowered the rates severely to stave off a recessionary economy. This was a positive state for companies and small businesses that need to borrow money to survive, but was a negative for people who were net savers.

In fact, one can think of the economic stimulus as a punishment to the frugal, cautious savers. The saver will find that most avenues for depositing and storing money offer poor interest rates during these times, especially true at large banking entities that have competitive economies of scale. However, it turns out that with a little effort the conscientious saver may be able to find a non-traditional avenue for low risk investments and storing money. We consider some of these possibilities.

A smaller bank, paradoxically, may have better interest rate checking and savings accounts. One might ask how can a small bank offer better rates than the conglomerates who have a much bigger pool of deposits with which to work. The answer is that the small bank needs to attract customers, and in order to give them higher interest rates, the small bank will often impose strict requirements on the customer who wishes to receive these favorable rates.

For example, the banking client will often have to set up direct deposit for the monthly paycheck with the small bank guaranteeing them a steady stream of increasing deposits. Moreover, the small bank might demand that the client use the ATM card as a check card for transaction purposes which increases the fees the bank can collect from businesses.

Another option for those who are braver is the internet bank. The internet banking industry exploded in the late 90s and early 2000s. Some of them were offshoots of brick-and-mortars and others were truly internet only. Since such banks have lower operating costs they can afford to offer customers better interest rates on regular checking and savings accounts.

A third possibility is for one to turn to a money market account at either a bank or a traditional financial firm. A money market account offers slightly higher interest rates with very low risk. In addition it is insured in the same way as checking and savings accounts by the FDIC. Withdrawals can be made but are usually limited to some number within a 6 month period to comply with SEC definitions and regulations.

During times of low interest rates, one must be prepared to think outside the box for finding a way of saving money and making the money grow. The tactics discussed above are but three examples of a bigger universe of financial options, among which are bond funds and high yield mutual funds.

Drop by our site on mutual funds with the best yields to find out the most latest ideas. Readers wanting to understand more can head over to learn about investments with lowest risk.

Short Selling Without Knowing Short Interest Ratios Can Be Dangerous!

Everyone knows that when the stock prices goes up this is the best time to invest and make money. But can you make money when the stock prices go down. Well, you can with short selling. Many people have difficulty understanding short selling. So what is short selling. In essence, when you expect the price of a certain stock to go down, you borrow it from your brokers and sell it in the market. Later on you buy it back and return the stock to your broker. Since the stock price was lower when you bought it back as compared to when you sold it, you made a capital gain. This is in nutshell what is short selling.

Short selling works if the price continues to fall. If the price does not fall or retraces after sometime, you can make a hefty loss on your short position. The loans that are taken in order to go short have to be repaid! If the lender asks them or the price goes up, the trader has to buy back shares in order to make the repayment. Now, the harder it becomes to get the right number of shares in the market, the more desperate the trader will become and the higher the prices can go.

Short selling in stocks is done by investors with the expectation of a making a capital gain when they expect that stock price to go down in the near future. Short selling is also done by the fund managers to hedge their stock portfolios. Now, in other markets like the currencies, futures or the options market, you don’t have to borrow the security in order to go short. You can straight away go short by selling that security or currency in the market.

There is something very important that you need to keep an eye on when you go short selling. It is known as Short Interest Ratios. This will help you monitor the rate of short selling in the market. If the rate is too high, it means that too many investors are taking short positions and you need to avoid it. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and NASDAQ, both report the short interest in stocks listed on them,however, this is done on a monthly basis as brokers need sometime to collect the data of shares that they have lended to their clients for shorting.

Now this number is known as the Short Interest Ratio. Short Interest Ratio is a very important number for short sellers as it can give important clues about the investor expectation to the short sellers.

So what is the Short Interest Ratio? Short Interest Ratio is the number of shares of a particular stock that has been shorted in the market. It also reports the percentage change in the short positions from the previous month. Plus the average daily volume for that stock in the same month and also the number of days of trading at the average volume that it would require the market to cover the short positions in that stock.

The problem with Short Interest Ratio is that it is not calculated frequently. It is calculated on monthly basis. So, the trader cannot use it to gauge the short positions in the market on a daily or weekly basis. However, it can give you the general trend in the market. A high short interest ratio should make you nervous if you have taken a short position in that stock as most of the investors who are short will soon become desperate to dump that stock in the market and cover their short positions.

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Doji Candlestick Pattern-Rare But Easy To Spot And Highly Profitable!

Candlestick Charting is one of the most powerful tools in the trading arsenal of any trader. Candlestick Charts apply to any market no matter what you trade-stocks, forex, futures, options, ETFs, commodities, bonds and others. With one simple glance on the chart, you can figure out the sentiment of the buyers and sellers in the market. There are many candlestick patterns that are used as trading signals. Some are simple while others are complex. Doji Candlestick Pattern is a simple pattern that is very easy to spot. It has no body. It is formed when the opening and the closing prices are the same. So, this pattern is all wicks with no stick. It literally looks like a Cross on the chart. So you can easily spot it. But it is very rare as the security opening and closing prices are seldom equal! Doji has some variations. We will discuss these variations in this article!

In other words, the opening and the closing prices should be the same for a Doji to be formed. So for a Doji to be truly formed on a trading day, throughtout the trading day heavy buying or selling may take place but at the end of the day, the price should be where it had been at the start. In other words, the opening and the closing prices should be the same for a Doji to be formed.

When a Doji is formed with the opening and the closing prices equal, it is a signal that the battle between the bulls and the bears had been a draw during the trading day. Soon, either the bulls or the bears are going to previal. In other words, a trend reversal is about to take place.

A Dragonfly Doji pattern is unique in the sense that the opening, closing and the high prices are all the same or equal. A Dragonfly Doji is formed when the stocks opens, trades down during first part of the day. During some part of the day, the price starts to climb again and eventually closing on the high which is the same as the open.

In other words, the open, the close and the high for the day are the same for the Dragonfly Doji to form. So when a Dragonfly Doji Pattern is formed, the bears had been in control of the market at the start. But at some point in the trading day, the bulls become active and step in. Bulls start buying. This takes the prices up and at the end of the day, the security price ends up right where it had started.

Dragonfly Doji is considered to be a bullish candlestick pattern. The low on this pattern can be taken as the support level because this was the level at which the bears entered the market and started buying.

A bearish Gravestone Doji Pattern is formed when the open and close of the day is equal to the low of the day. This is the most bearish of the Doji patterns. A bearish Gravestone Doji pattern signals the start of a prolonged downtrend in the security price.

A Doji pattern is very easy to spot on the candlestick chart as there is no body just the wick. Open close and either low or high all three are equal and the candle looks more like a cross. When you spot the Doji, get ready for a trend change in the price action.

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A Shockingly Simple Momentum Indicator For Stock Trading

Following a trend is great. But if the trend is moving quickly, you want to know that so that you can get ahead of it. If the rate of change of the trend is going up, rising prices are going to follow quickly.

Now first what is a momentum? You must have read about the momentum in high school physics.Momentum was the velocity multiplied by the mass of the object. Velocity was the rate of change. So when we talk of momentum in trading, we are talking of the rate of change of any security prices. Now. a simple way to calculate the momentum of any security price is to divide the closing price today by the closing price ten days back and then multiply it by 100!

This gives you the momentum indicator. If the prices didn’t go anywhere momentum indicator will be 100. If the prices went up, the momentum indicator will be greater than 100 and the prices went down, the momentum indicator will be less than 100. Now, a trend is expected to continue if the momentum indicator is greater than 100.

This momentum indicator tells you what is most likely to happen in the future not what happened in the past. So it is a leading indicator. You must have heard about momentum investing or you can even call it momentum trading. In momentum investing , you buy a security at a high price and sell it even at a more higher price unlike ordinary investing where you buy low and sell high. The trick is to know that the price will continue to rise when you do momentum investing. How do you know that the security prices will continue to rise in the future? By looking at the business fundamentals like the sales or profits, if you find them to be rising and accelerating at the same time the security price is rising,there is momentum behind this move!

Now, investors can also use momentum in their investing decisions. Momentum investors are looking for securities that are rising in prices especially if accompanies by acceleration in the underlying growth. The knock on momentum investing is that instead of buying low and selling high, your goal is to buy high and sell even higher.

So when you are doing momentum investing, you are looking for a security or a stock that has a potential to move big. How long this big move might take to materialize? Well, the expectation is for the big move to happen in a few weeks to a few months. Just like in ordinary physics, when a ball is set in motion, it will continue moving unless stopped. This is what the Newton’s First Law says. You can expect a security price to keep on rising as long as something drastic doesn’t happen to stop that rise. So what can be that something drastic? It can be a sudden breaking news about the misdoings of the management that have not been known to the public before. I am just giving you one example. There can be more. So before you do your momentum investing, it is always better to do some fundamental research on the company. Remember the Dot Com Bubble that burst and hurt many people a decade back. Lot of people were doing momentum investing without doing fundamental research on the stocks that they were investing in. So you need to do some fundamental research as well to ascertain that the rise in prices of a stock are sustainable over the long haul or not.

There are many way to do momentum investing. One is the price momentum that we have talked above. The other can be Earning Momentum. If you are a long haul investor who keeps an eye on the financial statements of different companies and you find that the quaterly earnings are going up steadily from one quater to another. What this means is that the stock price will also accelerate and follow suit.

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Know These Short Selling Shocking Facts

Short selling is one of the favorite day trading strategies employed by many day traders. Many companies hate short sellers as they believe that short sellers were responsible in the fall of their stock prices. Nothing can be far from the truth. Short selling is just like anyother market mechanism that provides liquidity and better price discovery. Short selling can never destroy a company if its’ fundamentals are strong. Many stock brokers now let you short stocks with just the click of a mouse. When you sell stocks from your online brokerage account, the message asks you whether you are selling your own shares or short selling. You just need to click once on short selling and the rest is taken care of by the broker. These shares are a loan to you by the broker that you will have to return at a later date!

Now, you cannot always short a stock instantly. Most of the investors work on rumors. In some cases,a stock gets so much shorted that there are no more shares of that stock left for you or your broker to borrow anymore. In that case, you simple will have to cross your fingers and see how the other short sellers do on that stock while you search for another stock to short!

Now, shorting is one of the favorite strategies employed by day traders. A day trader may short stock on the mundane reason like its price had been going up for three days and it’s time to come down! Day traders are not fundamental traders. Day traders are simply interested in the daily volatility in the stock. Most even don’t do any financial or fundamental analysis of the companies whose stocks they are trading. Almost all are technicians or what you call technical analysis experts.

Now, you cannot straight away short a stock as there are mechanisms in place employed by msot of the stock exchanges that don’t want a massive shorting attack on a stock. There is the famous Uptick Rule that has been put in place to prevent that from happening. What the Uptick Rule means is that you cannot short a stock unless it moves up on the last trade. This rule has been placed to prevent a stock from being driven down to almost zero by short sellers. In simple words, once the stock starts to move down, you cannot short it. You will have to wait for its price to move up on the last trade, before your short selling order can be executed by the broker.

Now you have to be careful when shorting a stock as certain risks are involved. In theory, there is no limit on how high a stock price can go high. So when betting on something going wrong, if you yourself go wrong, the potential loss in case of a stock price going up can be immense.

There is something known as Short Squeeze. A short squeeze happens when the stock of the company that you have shorted has some good news that drives the stock prices high. Now if this happens, many short sellers might lose money and even get margin calls. When they get desperate to buy back the stock, its prices go even higher hurting them more.

As said before, companies, investors and many brokers hate short sellers. They think that short sellers had intentionally driven down the stock prices. So sometimes, they will spread rumors of good news to create a momentary short squeeze. Sometimes, a campaign will be started by the owners of a particular stock instructing their brokers not to loan out their stocks to short sellers. So if you have already shorted that stock, you might get a call from your broker to return that stock immediately. In such a case, you will have to immediately return the stock even if it doesn’t make any sense to you!

Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Turn $200 into $100K in just 3 months with this Penny Stock Trading FREE Report!Read this 49 page Quantum Swing Trading FREE Report plus the shocking Profit Button Report that applies no matter what you trade-stocks,forex, futures or options!

Bullish Necklines, the Bearish Meeting Lines and the bearish Piercing Line Candlestick Patterns

Trend trading is one of the most profitable trading strategies. You must have heard the oft repeated quote that Trend is your friend. But trend can only be your friend if you know how it is going to behave in the future. If you don’t know that the trend is going to reverse soon, you are going to end up with a heavy loss. Candlestick charting is one of the ways to predict the future of a trend whether it is going to reverse itself in the near future or continue for sometime. Bullish Necklines is a candlestick pattern that can help you know whether the trend is continuing or not. It is a trend confirmation pattern. There are types of Necklines Patterns; one is the In Neck and the other is the Out Neck Pattern.

The candle formed on the setup day should be a long bullish candle that shows a lot of buying. On the signal day a bearish candle either long or short is formed with its closing price very near the close of the setup day.

Now,there can be two types of Neckline Patterns depending on the closing prices on the signal and the setup days. If the closing price on the signal day is almost near the closing price on the setup day, it is an On Neck Pattern. In case, if the closing price on the first day is little lower than the closing price on the signal day, it is a In Neck Pattern.

You might be thinking that this is not much of a difference. Well, this is true but nevertheless, you should be aware of this slight difference between the In Neck and the On Neck Patterns. Both these patterns are telling the same thing that the uptrend is going to continue in the near future. So even if you are not able to differentiate between the In Neck and the On Neck, don’t worry much. You must at least be able to identify that a Neckline Pattern has been formed.

Now, let’s talk about a trend reversal candlestick pattern; The Bearish Meeting Line. On the first day or what you call the setup day, you will find a long bullish candle.What this means is that heavy buying took place throughout the day. On the second day or what you call the signal day, you will find a gap opening. This gap entices the sellers to start selling that continues throughout the day. This will result in a long bearish candle on the second or what you call the signal day. This long bearish candle should have a close very near the open of the low of the day as well as the close should be very near to the close on the first or what you call the setup day. This is a Bearish Meeting Line Trend Reversal Pattern. What is means is that the trend is about to reverse itself soon!

In case of the bearish piercing line candlestick pattern, the setup day is bullish with long bullish candle. The signal day is bearish with an opening higher than the setup days high. What this means is that on the signal day sellers came rushing in, pushing prices down through the setup days opening price and below its midpoint.

This pattern usually occurs in the last stages of an uptrend and when it happens, it means that the trend is about to reverse itself. When this Bearish Piercing Line Candlestick Pattern is formed, it means that the price action has lost it’s momentum.

Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Master Candlestick Charting with this 82 page PDF FREE Candlestick Guide! Read the Story of Richard Samuels, a post office mailman with a head injury and how he made a fortune with these Neutrino Forex Signals!

Harami And The Harami Cross Candlestick Patterns Can Make You Rich!

Harami is a two stick candlestick pattern or what you may call a two day candlestick pattern observed on the daily charts. The first day candle is longer than the second day candle. Harami candlestick pattern can be bullish as well as bearish.

This is an important signal that bulls are now active and trying to take hold of the market. This means that the downtrend will be soon over and an uptrend is about to start.A bullish Harami is formed in a downtrend when the first day candle is very bearish. But on the second day, the bulls come into play and beat the bears out of the market by taking the prices higher. However, the bulls are not completely successful and the second day is still lower than the first day open and the first day high is not crossed.

The open is higher than the close of the last day on the signal day. However, the bulls close the day higher than the open.On the second day when the Harami is formed, the bears are still slightly ahead of the bulls at the start of trading.

Bulls and bears are always fighting with each other for the control of the market. When a bullish Harami is formed what this means is that the bulls are still cautious about their success and fear that the bears might return to take the prices lower again. However, when this does not happen, it gives confidence to the bulls encouraging more buying in the market and the reversal of the trend.

What this means is that you need to confirm it with the price action on the following day. Now, like most of the candlestick patterns, a Harami can fail. Always place the stop loss first when you trade. When you spot a Harami, place the stop loss near the open of the second day.

Harami pattern has got few variations. On of them is the Bullish Harami Cross Pattern. Now,a Bullish Harami Cross is not formed very frequently. But when it does form, it means an sudden trend reversal. So you should act immediatetly when you spot it. The first day in case of a Bullish Harami Cross is a bearish candle. The signal day or the second day is a Bullish Doji with an open higher than the close of the first day and the close lower than the open of the first day.

When a bearish Harami is formed what this indicates is that bears have taken hold of the market now and are about to push the prices down signalling a downtrend is about to start! The bearish Harami is similar to a bullish Harami. It is formed in an uptrend. The first day is a usual bullish candle that forms in an uptrend. The second day candle is a bearish candle. It’s open is lower than the close of the first day. And it’s close is higher than the open of the first day.

Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Read this shocking 40 page FRWC Brutal Truth Report on trading robots and how to test and optimize them FREE. Downlaod this 82 page PDF Candlestick Guide FREE!

Back Testing Your Trading System-Know These Shocking Limitations

Your trading system needs thorough testing before you decide to trade live with it. A trading system might comprise of a set of indicators. You need to know how well your trading system and its set of indicators work in a particular market.

For this you can do back testing. Back testing is a method that uses historical data to test how well your indicators work in a particular market. You can use back testing software that enables you to look at the past market data and test how well the indicators and your trading system have worked in the past market.

Now, back testing is done with historical data. What this means is that although your trading system might perform very well with back testing, it may not work in the present market. Market conditions keep on changing and what worked in the past may not work in the present. In the same way, what didn’t work in the past may start working now.

In other words, no two trades work out in exact the same way twice. SO you have to be careful when looking at the back testing results and take it with a pinch of salt. However, there are still some advantages of back testing a trading system.

Back testing can give you a feel how a particular market behaves under certain conditions. Back testing can also spot you certain general characteristics of the market like the seasonal trends and market tendencies.

For example, some markets especially the commodities market is highly seasonal and cyclical in nature. Now in other markets, you might not find any seasonal trends. For example, there is very little seasonality in curreny market or the bond market. In case of the stock market, there is much talk of the January Effect. Well, it is there no doubt about it. Some years, it is highly pronounced and others it is not that pronounced. Similarly stock prices tend to rise at the end of each month and the first few days of the new months. The reason for this is that many institutional investors tend to put the new funds to work at the end of the month and the beginning of the new month!

Back testing can also help you establish the amount of time a particular market tends to run in a certain direction. For example, in case of US Dollar Index, its trend lines tend to last for months to years.

Now when you back test your trading system and the set of indicators, you can check their accuracy. For example, if you using a trading system based on moving average crossovers, you can back test it using different combinations. Then monitor each combination under live conditions to see which works the best.

Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Download this 1 Minute Forex Trading System FREE that makes money anytime instantly! Read this shocking FREE 40 page PDF FRWC Brutal Truth Report that exposes everything about trading robots!

Do Not Buy Precious Metals if You are Looking for a Good Return on Your Investment

You learned in basic economics that the business environment goes in cycles. You have seen a tremendous increase in the price of precious metals over the past decade. These peak prices, over $1200 for gold, show tremendous increases over the past decade.

The price gains in gold as well as some other commodities were dramatic during the past decade, over the past 30 years, with gold more than quadrupling in value (from less than $300 per ounce).

However, despite these large price gains, you wouldn’t have gotten rich buying gold when you consider the increases in the cost living and low overall inflation rate over the same period. The investment would have been like treading water. The investment in gold would have essentially stagnated over the past 30 years compared to your average stock gains. Precious metals investing over the past 30 years has not yielded returns anywhere near those returned by the stock market.

Gold will always have value being that it is a rare commodity, just like diamonds. There will always be value in precious metals because they are rare.

Investments in precious metals has always have been used as a backstop during times of economic duress.For example, from 1972 to 1980, when inflation peaked in the double-digit range stocks and bonds plummeted while gold and silver prices exploded by more than 500 percent. With gold prices heading upwards at an alarming rate in the late 2000s many expect a return of inflation.But with the economic collapse the recently surging prices seem to be driven fear, not inflation, which is not a good basis for investment.

Investing in gold and silver, over the long term, has not produced any significant benefit.Precious metals don’t issue dividends and the average prices do not even match the cost of living.If you are keeping your cash in your sock drawer, investing in precious metals would be a good idea, otherwise invest in stocks. However you can get better returns in stocks and realestate. Buying mutual funds or stocks can provide a better return if you truly want to invest in precious metals.

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